Tuscany travel:
An introduction to Florence

The "town" of Florence

FLORENCE, capital of the region of Tuscany, with a population of around half a million inhabitants, spreads on the banks of the Arno, between the Adriatic and the Tyrrhenian seas, almost in the middle of the Italian peninsula. It is a city which bustles with industry and craft, commerce and culture, art and science.

Florence Ponte Vecchio Photo © James Lawson

Being on the main national railway lines, it is easily accessible from most important places both in Italy and abroad. The Florence "Vespucci" airport, where both national and international airlines stop, is located 5 Km. from the city center.

The main motorway, A1, connects Florence with Bologna and Milan in the North and Rome and Naples in the South. The motorway A11 to the sea joins it to Prato, Pistoia, Montecatini, Lucca, Pisa and all the resorts on the Tyrrhenian sea. There is also a motorway which connects Florence to Siena. The climate is temperate but rather variable, with breezy winters and hot summers.

The Chianti area, between Florence and Siena, is one of the most beautiful countryside in Italy and a famous wine production area.

HISTORY

City of Florence: painting of the old town

Founded by the Romans in the first century B.C., Florence began its rebirth after the decadence of the barbaric ages, in the Carolingian period, and reached its highest pinnacles of civilization between the 11th and 15th centuries, as a free city, balancing the authority of the Emperors with that of the Popes, overcoming the unfortunate internal dispute between Guelfs and Ghibellines. In the 15th century, it came under the rule of the Medici family, who later became the Grand Dukes of Tuscany. This in fact was the period when the city was at the height of its glory in art and culture, in politics and economic power. The Grand Duchy of the Medici was succeeded, in the 18th century, by that of the House of Lorraine, when in 1860 Tuscany became part of the Kingdom of Italy of which Florence was the capital from 1865 to 1871. In this century, the city has once more taken up its role as an important center for culture and the arts.

ART AND CULTURE

Florence contains an exceptional artistic patrimony, glorious testimony to its secular civilization. Cimabue and Giotto, the fathers of Italian painting, lived here, along with Arnolfo and Andrea Pisano, reformists of architecture and sculpture; Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masaccio, founders of the Renaissance; Ghiberti and the Della Robbia; Filippo Lippi and l'Angelico; Botticelli and Paolo Uccello; the universal geniuses Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Their works, along with those of many generations of artists up to the masters of the present century, are gathered in the city's many museums. In Florence, thanks to Dante, the Italian language was born; with Petrarca and Boccaccio literary studies were affirmed; with Humanism the philosophy and values of classical civilization were revived; with Machiavelli modern political science was born; with Guicciardini, historical prose; and with Galileo, modern experimental science. Up to the time of Charlemagne, Florence was a university town. Today it includes many specialized institutes and is an international cultural center. Academies, art schools, scientific institutes and cultural centers all contribute to the city's intense activity.

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Florence - Photo © LucaP

MONUMENTS

Florence has an exceptional artistic patrimony, glorious testimony to its civilization through the centuries.

The monuments that the artistic past left as heritage are spread all over the city

Visiting Florence means visiting different areas of the city.

The four historical districts of Florence are:
- Santa Maria Novella,
- San Giovanni,
- Santa Croce,
- Santo Spirito.

City of Florence: Medici's coat of arms

THE ECONOMY

The economy of Florence is based mainly on the services sector, as the city is an important commercial center. The traditional centuries-old banking and financial sector continues to flourish. Tourism and crafts (jewelry, embroidery, footwear, leatherwork, ceramics, wrought-iron and basket work, lace and reproduction furniture) provide considerable sources of income. The city is an active center of culture, and organizes periodical exhibitions and art festivals. Industry, though consisting generally of small and medium-sized firms, has fairly important precision engineering, optical, pharmaceutical, chemical, metallurgical, publishing and textile sectors.

EVENTS

International Crafts Fair (April-May), Antiques Biennial, Music Festival in May, Opera and Theatre Seasons, Fashion shows (famous "Pitti" fairs, spring and autumn), Festival dei Popoli (December).

FOLKLORE

The most important Folkloristic events in Florence are The "Burst of the Cart" (Easter), the Feast of St. John (June) and The "Historic Football in Costume" (June, July).

SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE

Giovanni Cimabue (artist, 1240-1302), Dante Alighieri (poet, 1265-1321), Giovanni Boccaccio (poet, 1313-1375), Filippo Brunelleschi (architect, 1377-1446), Lorenzo Ghiberti (sculptor, 1378-1455), Donato dei Bardi, called 'il Donatello' (sculptor, 1386-1466), Luca della Robbia (sculptor, 1400-1482), Filippo Lippi (artist, 1406-1469), Antonio Pollaiolo (sculptor, 1432-1498), Alessandro Filipepi called 'il Botticelli' (artist, 1445-1510), Domenico Bigordi called 'Ghirlandaio' (artist, 1449-1494), Lorenzo the Magnificent (the most famous of the Medicis, 1449-1492), Leonardo da Vinci (artist, 1452-1519), Amerigo Vespucci (explorer who gave the name to the continent of America, 1454-1512), Michelangelo Buonarroti (artist, 1475-1564), Francesco Guicciardini (historian, 1483-1540), Andrea del Sarto (artist, 1486-1530), Niccolo' Machiavelli (politician and historian, 1489-1527), Benvenuto Cellini (goldsmith, 1500-1571).